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Without your retina, light cannot reach your brain, and you cannot see. Keeping your retina healthy and functioning is critical to maintaining clear eyesight. Understanding how your eye works will help you protect and preserve your sight. We also provide care for the full spectrum of macular conditions, such as macular holes and epiretinal membranes (aka macular puckers).Throughout your life, your vision will continually change. Retina Consultants of Minnesota offers diagnostic testing, treatment, and surgery for a variety of retinal diseases and conditions, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal vein occlusion. Through our Macular Degeneration Research and Treatment Center, we offer patients access to clinical trials and the latest advancements in retinal care. Our retina specialists and surgeons have trained at the most respected academic institutions in the country and comprise the largest, most sophisticated full-service retina practice in the region. Cloud, Duluth, and beyond, you’re never far from state-of-the-art retinal care. To locate an office near you, call (800) 877-2500.Īt Retina Consultants of Minnesota, we exist to provide patients across Minnesota with convenient access to advanced diagnostics and treatment for all disorders and conditions involving the retina, macula, and vitreous. Our staff provides friendly, professional care to patients in multiple cities, including St. We consider it an honor to receive referrals from our esteemed colleagues and the trust of local physicians as well as our patients. Our board-certified ophthalmologists frequently hold leadership positions in professional societies and remain at the forefront of their medical specialty. Vitreo Retinal Surgery is a recognized retinal specialty practice that is centered around high-quality patient care. Trust Your Vision to Vitreo Retinal Surgery Treatment often involves advanced surgical techniques or the latest, proven nonsurgical modalities. The retinal specialist typically sees patients that are referred by their general ophthalmologist for confirmation and treatment of some type of retinal injury or disease. The additional education focuses on conditions and diseases that specifically affect the retina and vitreous, the clear gel that fills the central part of the eye. What is a Retina Specialist?Ī retinal specialist is an ophthalmologist who has extended their education another one to two years after a three-year ophthalmology residency. The extensive training an ophthalmologist completes enables them to diagnose and treat a wide variety of eye diseases, including cataracts and glaucoma, and treat them with medication or surgery. What Is an Ophthalmologist?Īn ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who has extended their medical education another few years beyond four years of medical school to specialize in vision care and diseases of the eye. If a potentially serious eye condition is suspected by an optometrist, a referral may be made to an ophthalmologist. An optometrist can also diagnose and treat eye infection and dry eye syndrome. This OD, or doctor of optometry, can address refractive conditions like nearsightedness, farsightedness, and presbyopia, among others. What Is an Optometrist?Īn optometrist is the eye specialist who examines your vision. Here, we look at the optometrist, the ophthalmologist, and the retinal specialist. To really know your eye health and be able to protect it as you age, it is necessary to know how eye specialists differ from one another. There is much more to the eyes than how well they focus on objects at various distances. Many people make the mistake of thinking that their annual vision checkup is sufficient eye care. When it comes to your eyes, there are several aspects to consider. Video recording apps for videos with more professional resultsĪlthough technology has advanced a lot over the last few years, smartphone cameras still haven’t reached the level of professional equipment.
He jousts, he hunts, he rides, he practices archery, tennis, swimming, all the sports that will keep his body healthy and strong and ready for battle. Jasper writes that he has maintained Henry’s education the young man still follows the offices of the church, as I ordered. These Tudors will just add to the confusion around the throne. What this will do to the expectations of the several men who are in line to inherit the throne is beyond understanding. King Henry has decided to acknowledge his half-brothers, deny his mother’s shame, and count them as royal kinsmen. Jasper allegedly fathered two illegitimate girls, Helen and Joan Tudor. Katherine survived Jasper and later married Sir Richard Wingfield of Kimbolton Castle. After Bosworth, he married Katherine Woodville who was Elizabeth Woodville’s sister, and they may have had a stillborn son. With Henry on the throne, Jasper was restored to all his former titles, including Knight of the Garter, and made the Duke of Bedford. Jasper supported Henry during their exile in Brittany, teaching him the tactical awareness, political skills and battle tactics necessary to finally defeat the Yorks, killing the more experienced Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. And then fought to have his nephew, Henry Tudor, crowned. Jasper fought to put his half-nephew Prince Edward of Lancaster on the throne, loyal to his Lancastrian roots and his half-brother’s wife Margaret of Anjou. Their lands, Pembroke Castle, and later the Earldom of Pembroke, were granted to the Yorkist William Herbert, who also assumed the guardianship of Margaret Beaufort and her son. But when Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor, a Lancastrian, was forced into exile abroad. When Edmund died, Jasper undertook to protect the young widow Margaret Beaufort and son Henry. The boys stayed in the care of Catherine de la Pole until 1442 when their half-brother King Henry VI took over the care and education of the boys. When her son’s regents John of Bedford and Humphrey of Gloucester (brothers of Henry V) denied her permission to marry John Beaufort Duke of Somerset, she married Owen in secret.Ī resolution was passed in 1428 which forbade dowager queens to marry without permission which brought the validity of Catherine and Owen’s marriage into question but later Henry VI recognised their ranks and legitimised their line.Įdmund and Jasper were cared for by Catherine de la Pole after their mother retired to the abbey of Bermondsey in 1436 where she died soon after. Owen was a squire at the court of Henry V and was a keeper of the queen’s wardrobe. Henry Tudor’s uncle and great advisor Jasper Tudor was the son of Owen Tudor and Catherine of Valois, the widow of King Henry V and mother of Henry VI. Just like ames, data.tables must fit inside RAM. Some users regularly work with 20 or more tables in memory, rather like a database. The MB column is useful to quickly assess memory use and to spot if any redundant tables can be removed to free up memory. It is often useful to see a list of all data.tables in memory: > tables() We have just created two data.tables: DT and MOTORS. We can easily convert existing ame objects to data.table. Observe that a data.table prints the row numbers with a colon so as to visually separate the row number from the first column. If you have created a ame before, you could recall that it is done by using the function ame(): > DF = ame(x=c("b","b","b","a","a"),v=rnorm(5))Ī data.table is created in exactly the same way: > DT = data.table(x=c("b","b","b","a","a"),v=rnorm(5)) This tutorial contains techniques to create, subset and select a data.table, following by usage of various functions and operations on rows and columns including chaining, indexing, etc. It is an ideal package for dataset handing in R. This tutorial series is about the data.table package in R that is used for Data Analysis. The syntax for using a data.table is mentioned below: DT Some of the other notable features of data.tables are its fast primary ordered indexing and its automatic secondary indexing, this is complemented by a memory efficient combined join and group by. The syntax for data.table is flexible and intuitive and therefore leads to faster development. It is widely used for fast aggregation of large datasets, low latency add/update/remove of columns, quicker ordered joins, and a fast file reader. Data.table is an extension of ame package in R. Lane commented that Sapone's living room was one of the main places they worked on the drums. This allowed Lane to experiment recording drums in different ways and places, predominately around Sapone's home. Recording Brian Lane's drums was approached song-by-song, as opposed to recording all of the album's drums in succession. We're not really keeping tabs of how much everyone has at stake on each song". Vin might write a drum part or Brian might write a guitar part or whatever. Lacey later commented that "it was such a collaborative effort with the band. The band members were not limited by their normal roles within Brand New, with much instrument swapping and experimenting taking place in writing individual parts. The band would then build upon these ideas, recording everything as they worked. This is what you’re trying to do and you don't even realize it." Most of the songs were brought to the studio in acoustic form, sometimes as a complete song and sometimes as just a part or riff. He'll go to it, show it to you and tell you that that’s what needs to happen. Discussing Sapone's involvement, Lacey defined Sapone as having "as much at stake with the music as we do he's as invested in it as we are, sometimes more." Accardi described Sapone as having "an uncanny ability to hear something you’re doing and immediately track it to any song in his library that he stores in his brain. Īs with previous sessions, Mike Sapone acted as both a band member and co-producer, while the band were also involved in the album's production. During the first few months of writing and recording, the band were often working five or six days a week, beginning work in the morning and not leaving Sapone's basement studio until the early hours. Recording took place at Sapone's home studio in Bethpage, New York. With a number of songs already demoed by Accardi, the band began recording the album in March, 2008. This would also allow the band to remain local to their homes while recording, and also allow them to spend their advance from the label on general living costs, as opposed to production and studio costs. It was decided early on by the band that they would work with Sapone, using his studio. With previous album sessions, the band had always looked to maximize their labels resources, working with different producers and in expensive studios - but had always ended up coming back to Sapone. After his bandmates positively received some of the tracks he had been working on, he gained the confidence to show them more and ultimately take a larger role in writing the album's lyrics. Prior to recording, Accardi had been working on material with Sapone. Jesse Lacey commented that being signed to major label Interscope also shaped the sessions "we thought it‘d be more interesting to put a very un-commercial record out on a very commercial label". I think we all just had a great urge to try to write simple, loud rock songs and just get the point across immediately". Guitarist Vincent Accardi commented that "after The Devil and God, the structures of songs were a bit more complex and things were a little bit delicate. Brian Lane simply stated that as with previous recording sessions, the band had become bored of performing their older material and would naturally look to write and record songs that were different. Despite having previously received acclaim for redefining their sound record-to-record, the band felt little pressure to repeat this. With writing and recording commencing almost immediately after finishing touring, the band were inspired to capture the energy of their live performances. It debuted at number six in the United States, the band's first top-ten album. Daisy received mostly positive reviews from critics, who praised the band's continued progression, while fans were somewhat more divided, with drummer Brian Lane believing that they either seem to love it or hate it. The album leaked three weeks prior to its release, and the song " At the Bottom" was the only single released. Guitarist Vincent Accardi had a larger role in writing the album's lyrics, sharing the responsibility with frontman Jesse Lacey. The band looked to channel their live performances, as well as the noise of bands such as Fugazi, Polvo, Sonic Youth, My Bloody Valentine and The Jesus Lizard, in order to produce the raw and often chaotic sound of the album. Brand New recorded the album in Sapone's studio in Bethpage, New York between 20. Daisy was co-produced by both the band and their longtime producer Mike Sapone. Daisy is the fourth studio album by American rock band Brand New, released Septemon Interscope. We have also found the misalignment limit by measuring the e-beam current that came out from the microcolumn. This new method can replace the conventional alignment method where the expensive equipment like the aligner or the STM is required. We have also made precise alignment of the electron lenses by illuminating the laser beam through the roughly aligned electron lenses and adjusting the electron lenses while monitoring the diffraction pattern formed by the diffracted laser light from the lens apertures. INTRODUCTION The recent development of high-efciency, diffraction-limited optical systems for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths could usher a new generation of space-astronomical telescopes with unprecedented angular resolutions. The observed diffraction pattern by naked eyes was the circular Airy disk and the measured eccentricity of the lens aperture was found to be less than 0.02. The effect of the limited alignment of hydrated molecules is considered in a laser-aligned molecular beam, on diffraction patterns taken from the beam. In this work, we have fabricated the quality electron lenses using the semiconductor processing technologies and checked their circular shapes by using the laser diffraction pattern. We have developed a proprietary suite of lens assembly techniques for diffraction-limited imaging performance enabled by Alignment Turning System (ATS). Services Limited Hologram viewing arrangement and alignment device. In order to increase the resolution, d /(2NA), the specimen must be viewed using either a shorter wavelength () of light or through an imaging medium with a relatively high refractive index or with. The quality of electron lenses and precision of their alignment are very important factors that determine the resolution of the microcolumn. An alignment method in which light is diffracted from a mask grating to a wafer. Abbe recognized that specimen images are composed of a multitude of overlapping, multi-intensity, diffraction-limited points (or Airy discs).
The standard entropy of reaction helps determine whether the reaction will take place spontaneously. ΔS° rxn = S o(products) - S o (reactants) Entropy is a scientific concept, as well as a measurable physical property, that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty. Chemical equations make use of the standard molar entropy of reactants and products to find the standard entropy of reaction: The standard molar entropy of a substance is the absolute entropy of 1 mole of the substance in the standard state. Standard molar entropy, S o solid J/(mol K) Heat capacity, c p J/(mol K) Liquid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, f H o liquid-147.6 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 229.7 J/(mol K) Heat capacity, c p: 132.42 J/(mol K) 262 ☌ to 3 ☌ Gas properties Std enthalpy change of formation, f H o gas 124.7 kJ/mol. The heat capacity of the gas from the boiling point to room temperature.Ĭhanges in entropy are associated with phase transitions and chemical reactions. The latent heat of vaporization of the liquid. Title, Excess partial molar entropy of alkane-mono-ols in aqueous solutions at 25 degrees C. Iron oxide (or rust) is a spontaneous reaction that occurs at a very slow rate in usual atmospheric conditions.The heat capacity of the liquid from the melting point to the boiling point.The latent heat of fusion of the solid.The heat capacity of one mole of the solid from 0 K to the melting point (including heat absorbed in any changes between different crystal structures).19, we obtain the following expression for the molar. (20) S S v + S t + S r Substituting the vibrational partition function given in Eq. The standard molar entropy of a gas at STP includes contributions from: The entropy is given by : (19) S k B l n Q + k B T ( l n Q V) T The molar entropy is a combination of three contributions, including vibrational, translational and rotational entropies. The total molar entropy is the sum of many small changes in molar entropy, where each small change can be considered a reversible process. Here, dq k/T represents a very small exchange of heat energy at temperature T. Liquid phase molar entropy at standard conditions, 1 bar standard pressure (S° liquid,1 bar). The total electronic heat capacity for figure 1 and figure 2 is (26) The contribution of the partial molar electronic entropy to the total electronic entropy in Figure 1 is (27) The partial molar electronic heat capacity contributes only 28.46 of the total electronic heat capacity. Under identical conditions, it is greater for a heavier gas.If a mole of substance were at 0 K, then warmed by its surroundings to 298 K, its total molar entropy would be the addition of all N individual contributions: Molar entropy is not the same for all gases. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper. The standard molar entropy at pressure = P 0 This is a repository copy of Estimation of standard molar entropy of cement hydrates and clinker minerals. These are often (but not necessarily) chosen to be the standard temperature and pressure. Sizes and shapes add to the complexity of a molecule. The more complex the molecule is, the greater the standard molar entropy. Unlike enthalpy or internal energy, it is possible to obtain absolute entropy values by measuring the entropy change that. In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of pure substance at a standard state of pressure and any temperature of interest. Standard molar entropy is the entropy (likelihood or probability that the system will be in a particular state) of one mole of a substance under a standard state of conditions. One way of calculating S for a reaction is to use tabulated values of the standard molar entropy (S°), which is the entropy of 1 mol of a substance at a standard temperature of 298 K the units of S° are J/(mol·K). Standard entropy content of one mole of a substance under a standard state Includes KOMPLETE 12 SELECT – 14 premium instruments and effects, including MASSIVE, MONARK, and THE GENTLEMAN.4-directional push encoder for one-handed sound browsing and project navigation.Intuitive control over Logic Pro X, Ableton Live, GarageBand, Cubase, and Nuendo.Deep integration with included MASCHINE Essentials and full MASCHINE software.Smart Play: See scales and modes on the Light Guide, play chord progressions and arpeggios with single keys, or map any scale to white keys only.Light Guide: RGB lights above each key highlight drum cells, key switches, chords, scales, and more.Two high-res color screens for browsing, tweaking, mixing, and more.Tag-based preset browsing: Find sounds quickly and hear instant previews.Pre-mapped control of KOMPLETE Instruments and Effects, as well as hundreds of Native Kontrol Standard (NKS) plug-ins from leading manufacturers.Ergonomic pitch and mod wheels, plus touch strip for expression control.Pro-grade Fatar keybeds with aftertouch, available with either 49 or 61 semi-weighted keys.Smart keyboard controller for all your virtual instruments.And with MIDI in / out, incorporating outboard gear into your setup is just as simple. And for keyboard novices, Easy Mode maps the white keys to whichever scale you like, so you’ll never hit a wrong note.Ĭapture all your ideas, directly from the keyboard itself: KOMPLETE KONTROL gives you immediate access to transport, mixing, and editing controls in Logic Pro X, Ableton Live, and GarageBand, complete with visual feedback and volume metering on the keyboard’s built-in displays. Activate chord mode to create a progression by playing single keys, then switch on the arpeggiator and turn it into an expressive musical performance. Stay-on key, with notes of the currently selected scale or mode lit on the Light Guide. Advanced functionality for cubase and nuendo coming late 2017. Mix, edit, and more in maschine, logic, ableton live, and garageband. Get hands-on with your production process, thanks to an improved layout with more dedicated function buttons and a new four-directional push encoder.Komplete kontrol s49 and s61 now sport ergonomic pitch and mod wheels, plus a touch strip for expanded creative possibilities. An LED lighting guide above each key helps with mapping out chords and drum triggers. The pro-grade fatar keybed provides fluid playability with and authentic feel giving a smooth transition from digital piano to midi controller. The MK2 provides two high-resolution colour screens for mixing, sketching ideas or browsing for sounds. The MK2 has come in and improved upon the success of the original Komplete Kontrol and works seamlessly with Maschine software and hardware. The Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol S61 is a smart controller featuring 61 semi-weighted keys, as well as fatar keybed with aftertouch. Native Instruments Komplete Kontrol S61 Mk2 |
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